CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Intelligence Led Policing emerged in the 1990s as a strategic innovation in response to the call for more business- like policing models (John & Maguire, 2003, 2004; Maguire & John, 2006). According to Anderson (1997), the origin of intelligence-led policing can be traced back in early 1990s in Kent, United Kingdom (UK) where crime levels had risen sharply, particularly the property-related offences of burglary and automobile theft. The Kent Constabulary Police (KCP), with limited resources due to economic recession that had hurt the country, was expected to address this problem regardless of the policing gap. Anderson further asserts that a 1993 audit commission report recommended the use of intelligence from informants as well as other sources in order to prevent and detect crime in ways that would be effective and efficient with the police resources available. Hence a national intelligence model was launched that facilitated the introduction of the intelligence-led policing thereby providing a policing tool to the KCP to curb crime in its policing area and it was reported to be a successful story. Ratcliffe (2008) highlights that in the UK, the concept is enshrined in the legislation that demanded all forces adopt the National Intelligence Model by April 2004. This early development of intelligence-led policing in the UK was successful because the KCP shifted their efforts by focusing on prolific offenders rather than on reported crime as a way of utilising police resources more effectively (Ratcliffe, 2008). Therefore, reports by the Audit Commission in 1993 and Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary in 1997 advocated for increased use of effective intelligence, surveillance and information gathering through informants to target recidivism offenders so that police could be more effective in fighting crime. Alberto et al (2005) homologate that, United States of America, after 11 September 2001 terrorists attack, adopted a global perspective of the intelligence-led policing from a close examination of the UK’s national intelligence model. In March 2002, the Investigative Operations Committee of the International Association of Chiefs of Police convened an Intelligence Sharing Summit and created the Global Intelligence Group that developed criminal intelligence sharing plan. The plan provided a mechanism to promote intelligence led policing, a blueprint for law enforcement administrators to follow when building intelligence system and a model for intelligence process principles and policies. The plan also called every law enforcement agency and every state to immediately establish and maintain the capacity to gather and evaluate information and to disseminate intelligence in a manner that protects every individual’s right to privacy while it curtails organised crime and public disorder. Hence the intelligence-led policing philosophy sprouted to other countries across the globe.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The increase in crime is the most feared threat, whether real or perceived, and often causes discomfort in the society by reducing people’s quality of life due to loss of property through terrorism, crimes such as theft and unlawful entry, not only in Nigeria but globally. Hence the relevant step taken by the Nigeria police department in implementing intelligence-led policing so as to minimize incidences of crime in the society was a noble idea. However, the rise in crime continues to impact every part of the community. The increase in crime could be as a result of poor funding of the Nigeria security department. Secondly there have been series of studies on intelligence-led policing but no study has been carried out on intelligence led policing: a panacea for countering terrorism; the way forward for Nigeria

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the research work is to examine intelligence led policing: a panacea for countering terrorism; the way forward for Nigeria. Other specific objectives of the study are:

1. to determine the effect of intelligence-led policing on the growth rate of terrorism in Nigeria
2. to determine the relationship between intelligence-led policing and the possibilities of organized crimes in Nigeria
3. to investigate on the factors affecting the implementation of intelligence-led policing in the Nigeria police force
4. to examine the roles of government in the fight against crimes, terrorism and corruption in Nigeria
5. to determine the fate of terrorism with the introduction of intelligence-led policing in the Nigeria security system

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The study on intelligence led policing: a panacea for countering terrorism; the way forward for Nigeria came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the objectives of study. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

1. What is the effect of intelligence-led policing on the growth rate of terrorism in Nigeria?
2. What is the relationship between intelligence-led policing and the possibilities of organized crimes in Nigeria?
3. What are the factors affecting the implementation of intelligence-led policing in the Nigeria police force?
4. What are the roles of government in the fight against crimes, terrorism and corruption in Nigeria?
5. What will be the fate of terrorism with the introduction of intelligence-led policing in the Nigeria security system?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

This study was guided by the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis H0: intelligence-led policing has no significance effect on terrorism in Nigeria

Hypothesis H1: intelligence-led policing has significance effect on terrorism in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study on intelligence led policing: a panacea for countering terrorism; the way forward for Nigeria will be of immense benefit to the Nigeria security department in the sense that the study will determine the relationship between intelligence-led policing and the possibilities of organized crimes in Nigeria, the factors affecting the implementation of intelligence-led policing in the Nigeria police force and the roles of government in the fight against crimes, terrorism and corruption in Nigeria. The study will serve as a repository of information to other researchers that desire to carry out similar research on the above topic. Finally the study will contribute to the body of the existing literature on intelligence led policing

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 The study on intelligence led policing: a panacea for countering terrorism; the way forward for Nigeria will focus on the areas of crimes and terrorism in Nigeria.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Intelligence led policing: Intelligence-led policing is a policing model built around the assessment and management of risk

Terrorism: The unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as "the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives